以表彰他們領導天文衛星,證明了宇宙中最大能量的爆發 ─ 伽瑪射線暴 ─ 來自宇宙學距離。
1967年Vela系列人造衛星上的伽瑪探測器偶然探測到伽瑪射線暴,1973年Klebesadel等人正式發表發現結果。恩里科•科斯塔 (Enrico Costa) 和傑拉爾德•菲什曼 (Gerald J Fishman) 過去二十年的工作證明了伽瑪射線暴是來自宇宙,並為宇宙中最大能量的爆發。
伽瑪射線暴是一種在伽瑪射線波段的強爆發,爆發來自宇宙,持續時間幾秒到幾分鐘。在爆發期間,伽瑪射線暴的亮度極高,比宇宙中任何天體都要亮。我們現在知道伽瑪射線暴的源是處在遙遠的河外星系的距離上。之所以這麼亮,是因為它們發出的相對論粒子束非常窄,那些朝向地球的粒子束就被我們觀測到。我們也已知道至少存在兩類伽瑪射線暴。大質量恒星中心塌縮,會變成黑洞,引發某類罕見的超新星爆發,並導致時間較長的伽瑪射線暴;而兩顆中子星併合,則導致爆發時間較短的伽瑪射線暴。
Gamma ray bursts (GRBs) are intense flashes of gamma rays emanating from cosmic sources and lasting for a few seconds to minutes and were first detected serendipitously in 1967 by gamma ray detectors aboard the Vela satellites, and were announced by Klebesadel et al in 1973 the discovery of GRBs.
To understand the nature of GRBs the first and key step is to determine the distance of GRBs from the Earth. The two experiments, namely Burst and Transient Source Explorer (BATSE) on Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO) and BeppoSAX, play a leading role in answering this key question.