以表彰他们领导威尔琴森微波各向异性探测器(WMAP)实验的杰出贡献;使其能够精确测量宇宙学基本参数,包括宇宙的几何、年龄和组成。
1967年,Arno Penzias 和 Robert Wilson 第一次测量到来自太空的 3 K 微波辐射。它很快就被证实为宇宙创生后留下的遗迹,其后随宇宙膨胀而受到红移。Penzias 和 Wilson 因此而获得 1978 年诺贝尔物理学奖。天文学家马上意识到宇宙微波背景辐射提供了有关宇宙结构和演化的极重要的资讯,可以用它探测宇宙在大爆炸后不到 40 万年时物质和能量的分布。随后,众多实验纷纷跟进。2006 年诺贝尔物理学奖授给 John Mather 和 George Smoot,表彰他们用 COBE 卫星测量宇宙微波背景辐射谱并探测到其各向异性。
2001 年威尔琴森微波各向异性探测器卫星(WMAP)升空,它对全天宇宙微波背景亮度分布进行了极为精确的高分辨的成像观测。其测量温度变化的灵敏度达到百万份之一。由查理斯・班尼特(Charles L Bennett),莱曼・佩治(Lyman A Page Jr) 和戴维・斯佩格 (David N Spergel) 领导的 WMAP 小组,通过分析这些微小的变化,以前所未有的精确度,测量了宇宙基本参数,包括宇宙的几何,年龄和物质组成。即:宇宙的几何是平坦的,它的年龄是137.5 ± 1.3 亿年。宇宙是由暗能量(占72.1 ± 1.5 %)、暗物质 (占23.3 ± 1.3 %)和重子物质(占4.6 ± 0.1 %)组成。WMAP 的测量结果开创了精确宇宙学的时代,对天文学、宇宙学和物理学产生重大影响。
How did the universe begin? What makes up the universe? Why does the sky look the way it does? Humankind has been asking these kinds of questions for millennia, but these questions are now subject to direct observational measurements. Measurements have revealed that we live in an expanding universe and that the expansion is becoming faster and faster.
It is now firmly established that our universe has been expanding and cooling for billions of years, ever since the Big Bang. To be precise, the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) space mission has determined that the age of the universe is thirteen billion, seven hundred million years. This has been recognized by the Guinness Book of World Records as the most accurate determination of the age of the universe.