for their leadership of the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) experiment, which has enabled precise determinations of the fundamental cosmological parameters, including the geometry, age and composition of the universe.
for his seminal discoveries of molecular mechanisms by which the skin senses painful stimuli and temperature and produces pain hypersensitivity.
for his profound work in mathematical analysis and its application to partial differential equations, mathematical physics, combinatorics, number theory, ergodic theory and theoretical computer science.
for their work leading to the discovery of leptin, a hormone that regulates food intake and body weight
in recognition of his outstanding life-time contributions in theoretical astronomy.
for their many brilliant contributions to geometry in 3 and 4 dimensions.
